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Table of Content
Nature of matter_____________________________________________________ 9
General __________________________________________________________ 9
Dalton’s atomic theory _______________________________________________ 9
Structure of atoms__________________________________________________ 11
Protons _________________________________________________________ 11
Neutrons ________________________________________________________ 11
Electrons ________________________________________________________ 11
Periodic table of the elements ________________________________________ 13
Elements, mixtures, compounds and molecules _________________________ 15
Elements ________________________________________________________ 15
Mixtures _________________________________________________________ 15
Compounds ______________________________________________________ 15
Molecules________________________________________________________ 16
Chemical formulae _________________________________________________ 16
Chemical reactions ________________________________________________ 20
Atomic number and mass number_____________________________________ 23
Atomic number____________________________________________________ 23
Mass number _____________________________________________________ 23
Atomic mass unit (AMU) ____________________________________________ 23
Isotopes _________________________________________________________ 26
Electron arrangements ______________________________________________ 29
Shells ___________________________________________________________ 29
Subshells ________________________________________________________ 29
Ionization ________________________________________________________ 30
Examples of electron arrangements ___________________________________ 30
Valency _________________________________________________________ 32
Conductors, semiconductors and non-conductors (insulators) _______________ 34
Summary ________________________________________________________ 36
Chemical bonding __________________________________________________ 41
Adhesion and cohesion _____________________________________________ 41
Noble gases______________________________________________________ 41
Covalent bonding __________________________________________________ 42
Allotropes________________________________________________________ 46
Ionic bonding _____________________________________________________ 48
Metallic bonding (electron cloud) ______________________________________ 54
States; solid, liquid and gaseous______________________________________ 57
Solids ___________________________________________________________ 57
Liquids __________________________________________________________ 57
Gases __________________________________________________________ 57
Plasma__________________________________________________________ 57
Changes between states ____________________________________________ 58
Brownian motion __________________________________________________ 60
Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases___________________________ 60
Kinetic particle theory_______________________________________________ 62
Total Training Support Ltd 1-5 Issue 2 – September 2016
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