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Table of Content

   Nature of matter_____________________________________________________ 9
      General __________________________________________________________ 9
      Dalton’s atomic theory _______________________________________________ 9

   Structure of atoms__________________________________________________ 11
      Protons _________________________________________________________ 11
      Neutrons ________________________________________________________ 11
      Electrons ________________________________________________________ 11

   Periodic table of the elements ________________________________________ 13

   Elements, mixtures, compounds and molecules _________________________ 15
      Elements ________________________________________________________ 15
      Mixtures _________________________________________________________ 15
      Compounds ______________________________________________________ 15
      Molecules________________________________________________________ 16
      Chemical formulae _________________________________________________ 16
      Chemical reactions ________________________________________________ 20

   Atomic number and mass number_____________________________________ 23
      Atomic number____________________________________________________ 23
      Mass number _____________________________________________________ 23
      Atomic mass unit (AMU) ____________________________________________ 23
      Isotopes _________________________________________________________ 26

   Electron arrangements ______________________________________________ 29
      Shells ___________________________________________________________ 29
      Subshells ________________________________________________________ 29
      Ionization ________________________________________________________ 30
      Examples of electron arrangements ___________________________________ 30
      Valency _________________________________________________________ 32
      Conductors, semiconductors and non-conductors (insulators) _______________ 34
      Summary ________________________________________________________ 36

   Chemical bonding __________________________________________________ 41
      Adhesion and cohesion _____________________________________________ 41
      Noble gases______________________________________________________ 41
      Covalent bonding __________________________________________________ 42
      Allotropes________________________________________________________ 46
      Ionic bonding _____________________________________________________ 48
      Metallic bonding (electron cloud) ______________________________________ 54

   States; solid, liquid and gaseous______________________________________ 57
      Solids ___________________________________________________________ 57
      Liquids __________________________________________________________ 57
      Gases __________________________________________________________ 57
      Plasma__________________________________________________________ 57
      Changes between states ____________________________________________ 58
      Brownian motion __________________________________________________ 60
      Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases___________________________ 60
      Kinetic particle theory_______________________________________________ 62

Total Training Support Ltd           1-5       Issue 2 – September 2016
     © Copyright 2016       Module 2.1 Matter
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